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Electronic rock, also commonly referred to as synthrock, electrorock, techno-rock or digital rock, is rock music generated with electronic instruments. It has been highly dependent on technological developments, particularly the invention and refinement of the synthesizer, the development of the MIDI digital format and computer technology. In the late 1960s, rock musicians began to use electronic instruments, like the theremin and Mellotron, to supplement and define their sound; by the end of the decade the Moog synthesizer took a leading place in the sound of emerging progressive rock bands who would dominate rock in the early 1970s. In the 1980s, more commercially oriented synthpop dominated electronic rock. In the new millennium the spread of recording software led to the development of new distinct genres including electroclash, dance-punk and new rave. ==Technology== (詳細はmusique concrète, early computer music and early sampling and sound manipulation technologies paved the way for both manipulating and creating new sounds through technology. The world's first computer to play music was CSIRAC in 1950-1, designed and built by Trevor Pearcey and Maston Beard and programmed by mathematician Geoff Hill.〔D. Demant, "Why the real thing is essential for telling out stories", in A. Tatnall, ed., ''History of Computing: Learning from the Past: IFIP WG 9. 7 International Conference, HC 2010, Held as Part of WCC 2010, Brisbane, Australia, September 20–23, 2010, Proceedings'', Volume 325 of IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology (Melbourne VIC: Springer, 2010), ISBN 3-642-15198-1, p. 14.〕 Early electronic instruments included the theremin, which uses two metal antennas that sense the position of a player's hands and control oscillators for frequency with one hand, and amplitude (volume) to produce an eerie but difficult to manipulate sound. It was used by avant garde and classical musicians in the early twentieth century and was used on a large number of 1940s and 50s science fiction films and suspense.〔P. Theberge, "Therimin" in J. Shepherd, ed., ''Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: Volume II: Performance and production'' (New York, NY: Continuum, 2003), ISBN 0-8264-6322-3, p. 267.〕 Electronic musical synthesizers that could be used practically in a recording studio became available in the mid-1960s, around the same time as rock music began to emerge as a distinct musical genre.〔J. Stuessy and S. D. Lipscomb, ''Rock and Roll: its History and Stylistic Development'' (London: Pearson Prentice Hall, 6th edn., 2008), ISBN 0-13-601068-7, p. 21.〕 The Mellotron, an electro-mechanical, polyphonic sample-playback keyboard, which used a bank of parallel linear magnetic audio tape strips to produce a variety of sounds enjoyed popularity from the mid-1960s.〔R. Brice, ''Music Engineering'' (Oxford: Newnes, 2nd edn., 2001), ISBN 0-7506-5040-0, pp. 108–9.〕 The initial popularity of the Mellotron would be overtaken by the Moog synthesizer, created by Robert Moog in 1964, which produced completely electronically generated sounds which could be manipulated by pitch and frequency, allowing the "bending" of notes and considerable variety and musical virtuosity to be expressed. The early commercial Moog synthesiser was large and difficult to manipulate, but in 1970 Moog responded to its use in rock and pop music by releasing the portable Mini-moog, which was much simpler, easier to use, and proved more practical for live performance.〔T. Pinch and F. Trocco, ''Analog Days: The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer'' (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), ISBN 0-674-01617-3, pp. 214–36.〕 Early synthesisers were monophonic (only able to play one note at a time), but polyphonic versions began to be produced from the mid-1970s, among the first being the Prophet-5.〔Barry R. Parker, ''Good Vibrations: the Physics of Music'' (Boston MD: JHU Press, 2009), ISBN 0-8018-9264-3, p. 213.〕 MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) was created in 1982, as an industry-standard protocol that enables electronic musical instruments (synthesizers, drum machines), computers and other electronic equipment (MIDI controllers, sound cards, samplers) to communicate and synchronize with each other. Unlike previous analog devices, MIDI does not transmit an audio signal, but sends an event messages about pitch and intensity, control signals for parameters such as volume, vibrato and panning, cues, and clock signals to set the tempo, allowing the building of more complex music and the integration of different devices.〔J. Rothstein, ''MIDI: a Comprehensive Introduction'' (Madison, MI: A-R Editions, 2nd edn., 1995), ISBN 0-89579-309-1, pp. 9 and 93.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Electronic rock」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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